Abstract Sculpture for Sale

Sculpture, Condor, Glenn Varez

Condor

Glenn Varez

Sculpture - 72 x 20 x 32 cm Sculpture - 28.3 x 7.9 x 12.6 inch

$3,552

Sculpture, Paysage VI, Delphine Brabant

Paysage VI

Delphine Brabant

Sculpture - 26 x 31 x 8 cm Sculpture - 10.2 x 12.2 x 3.1 inch

$3,552

Sculpture, Teslamobile II, Vasya Dmytryk

Teslamobile II

Vasya Dmytryk

Sculpture - 46 x 42 x 23 cm Sculpture - 18.1 x 16.5 x 9.1 inch

$1,970

Sculpture, Corsp-Abandon N°2, Marie Fang

Corsp-Abandon N°2

Marie Fang

Sculpture - 30 x 22 x 10 cm Sculpture - 11.8 x 8.7 x 3.9 inch

$2,664

Sculpture, Enroscada de Bronce III, Diego Canogar

Enroscada de Bronce III

Diego Canogar

Sculpture - 107 x 57 x 32 cm Sculpture - 42.1 x 22.4 x 12.6 inch

$10,301

Sculpture, Cubes Equilibre Translucide, Jean-Jacques Joujon

Cubes Equilibre Translucide

Jean-Jacques Joujon

Sculpture - 60 x 25 x 25 cm Sculpture - 23.6 x 9.8 x 9.8 inch

$955

Sculpture, Feeling With Song, Gor Avetisyan

Feeling With Song

Gor Avetisyan

Sculpture - 43 x 30 x 13 cm Sculpture - 16.9 x 11.8 x 5.1 inch

$4,995 $4,495

Sculpture, Idylle, Celkha

Idylle

Celkha

Sculpture - 35 x 18 x 21 cm Sculpture - 13.8 x 7.1 x 8.3 inch

$3,108

Sculpture, Solitaire bleu, Stratos

Solitaire bleu

Stratos

Sculpture - 37 x 34 x 16 cm Sculpture - 14.6 x 13.4 x 6.3 inch

$1,665

Sculpture, Saturday Sun, Philip Hearsey

Saturday Sun

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 36 x 36 x 5 cm Sculpture - 14.2 x 14.2 x 2 inch

$1,930

Sculpture, Unsteady III, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Unsteady III

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 24 x 21 x 18 cm Sculpture - 9.4 x 8.3 x 7.1 inch

$2,553

Sculpture, Unsteady IV, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Unsteady IV

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 35 x 32 x 28 cm Sculpture - 13.8 x 12.6 x 11 inch

$3,663

Sculpture, Fusta vermella, Ferran Cartes Yerro

Fusta vermella

Ferran Cartes Yerro

Sculpture - 30 x 17 x 7 cm Sculpture - 11.8 x 6.7 x 2.8 inch

$416

Sculpture, August II, Philip Hearsey

August II

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 31 x 18 x 13 cm Sculpture - 12.2 x 7.1 x 5.1 inch

$1,512

Sculpture, On & On, Philip Hearsey

On & On

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 33 x 21 x 15 cm Sculpture - 13 x 8.3 x 5.9 inch

$1,737

Sculpture, Passing by, Philip Hearsey

Passing by

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 39 x 25 x 17 cm Sculpture - 15.4 x 9.8 x 6.7 inch

$1,930

Sculpture, Cloud Curl 5/9, Philip Hearsey

Cloud Curl 5/9

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 9 x 48 x 10 cm Sculpture - 3.5 x 18.9 x 3.9 inch

$2,027

Sculpture, Summer Wind 11, Philip Hearsey

Summer Wind 11

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 26 x 11 x 16 cm Sculpture - 10.2 x 4.3 x 6.3 inch

$1,737

Sculpture, 2020/11 2 (GA44), Guillaume Allemand

2020/11 2 (GA44)

Guillaume Allemand

Sculpture - 70 x 70 x 3 cm Sculpture - 27.6 x 27.6 x 1.2 inch

$3,330

Sculpture, Mend the Line, Matt Devine

Mend the Line

Matt Devine

Sculpture - 63 x 165 x 23 cm Sculpture - 24.8 x 65 x 9.1 inch

$19,979

Sculpture, Inspiration-expiration, Christian Michaud

Inspiration-expiration

Christian Michaud

Sculpture - 36.8 x 61 x 2.5 cm Sculpture - 14.5 x 24 x 1 inch

$700

Sculpture, Desert Signe VII (SG176), Sylvie Guyomard

Desert Signe VII (SG176)

Sylvie Guyomard

Sculpture - 72 x 52 x 3 cm Sculpture - 28.3 x 20.5 x 1.2 inch

$610

Sculpture, Nailed it Series No.82, Sumit Mehndiratta

Nailed it Series No.82

Sumit Mehndiratta

Sculpture - 79 x 56 x 4 cm Sculpture - 31.1 x 22 x 1.6 inch

$1,443

Sculpture, Totem Trinité - Mesure Astrale, Marie Guerrier

Totem Trinité - Mesure Astrale

Marie Guerrier

Sculpture - 90 x 40 x 24 cm Sculpture - 35.4 x 15.7 x 9.4 inch

$4,440

Sculpture, Les signes de l'âme, Hyacinthe Ouattara

Les signes de l'âme

Hyacinthe Ouattara

Sculpture - 210 x 178 x 5 cm Sculpture - 82.7 x 70.1 x 2 inch

$9,435

Sculpture, Corpus sous la neffe le mouvements des âmes est un signe de l'âme, Hyacinthe Ouattara

Corpus sous la neffe le mouvements des âmes est un signe de l'âme

Hyacinthe Ouattara

Sculpture - 400 x 300 x 10 cm Sculpture - 157.5 x 118.1 x 3.9 inch

$14,430

Sculpture, Biomorphisme et Ancestralité, Hyacinthe Ouattara

Biomorphisme et Ancestralité

Hyacinthe Ouattara

Sculpture - 500 x 400 x 2 cm Sculpture - 196.9 x 157.5 x 0.8 inch

$21,089

Sculpture, La Mémoire du Monde 2, Hyacinthe Ouattara

La Mémoire du Monde 2

Hyacinthe Ouattara

Sculpture - 98 x 78 x 20 cm Sculpture - 38.6 x 30.7 x 7.9 inch

$8,880

Sculpture, Arrow GM - LC70, Landry Clément

Arrow GM - LC70

Landry Clément

Sculpture - 102 x 30 x 3.2 cm Sculpture - 40.2 x 11.8 x 1.3 inch

$2,320

Sculpture, Anta, Philippe Olive

Anta

Philippe Olive

Sculpture - 33 x 9.5 x 10 cm Sculpture - 13 x 3.7 x 3.9 inch

$1,443

Sculpture, Sceptronome 1, Philippe Olive

Sceptronome 1

Philippe Olive

Sculpture - 72.5 x 20.5 x 12 cm Sculpture - 28.5 x 8.1 x 4.7 inch

$1,609

Sculpture, Dialogue, Miguel Guía

Dialogue

Miguel Guía

Sculpture - 36 x 18 x 16 cm Sculpture - 14.2 x 7.1 x 6.3 inch

$1,088

Sculpture, Sitting Mym, Jaromir Gargulak

Sitting Mym

Jaromir Gargulak

Sculpture - 10 x 16 x 17 cm Sculpture - 3.9 x 6.3 x 6.7 inch

$988 $889

Sculpture, Magic piano (DV14), David Vaamonde

Magic piano (DV14)

David Vaamonde

Sculpture - 35 x 25 x 22 cm Sculpture - 13.8 x 9.8 x 8.7 inch

$1,665

Sculpture, Trumpet solo (DV13), David Vaamonde

Trumpet solo (DV13)

David Vaamonde

Sculpture - 40 x 24 x 20 cm Sculpture - 15.7 x 9.4 x 7.9 inch

$1,776

Sculpture, Rotoxy I, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Rotoxy I

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 18 x 22 x 11.5 cm Sculpture - 7.1 x 8.7 x 4.5 inch

$3,663

Sculpture, Mistamek I, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Mistamek I

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 11 x 17 x 9 cm Sculpture - 4.3 x 6.7 x 3.5 inch

$2,442

Sculpture, La Constance II, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

La Constance II

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 15 x 11 x 6 cm Sculpture - 5.9 x 4.3 x 2.4 inch

$2,442

Sculpture, Recline IV, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Recline IV

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 8 x 16.5 x 4.5 cm Sculpture - 3.1 x 6.5 x 1.8 inch

$2,553

Sculpture, Dryade I, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Dryade I

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 22 x 11 x 4.5 cm Sculpture - 8.7 x 4.3 x 1.8 inch

$1,887

Sculpture, Passage I, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Passage I

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 12 x 17 x 13 cm Sculpture - 4.7 x 6.7 x 5.1 inch

$2,109 $1,793

Sculpture, Bird I, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Bird I

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 20 x 6 x 7 cm Sculpture - 7.9 x 2.4 x 2.8 inch

$1,221

Sculpture, Main dans la Main I, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Main dans la Main I

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 10 x 12 x 10.5 cm Sculpture - 3.9 x 4.7 x 4.1 inch

$1,887

Sculpture, Nous allons errer à nouveau, Mpcem

Nous allons errer à nouveau

Mpcem

Sculpture - 225 x 145 x 65 cm Sculpture - 88.6 x 57.1 x 25.6 inch

$11,655

Sculpture, La Femme Coquillage II, Vincent Champion-Ercoli

La Femme Coquillage II

Vincent Champion-Ercoli

Sculpture - 9 x 17.5 x 8.5 cm Sculpture - 3.5 x 6.9 x 3.3 inch

$2,109

Sculpture, Enroscada Recurva III, Diego Canogar

Enroscada Recurva III

Diego Canogar

Sculpture - 46.5 x 58 x 29 cm Sculpture - 18.3 x 22.8 x 11.4 inch

$4,751

Sculpture, Enroscada Recurva II, Diego Canogar

Enroscada Recurva II

Diego Canogar

Sculpture - 41.5 x 40 x 21 cm Sculpture - 16.3 x 15.7 x 8.3 inch

$4,751

Sculpture, Revolving Kiddush Cup, Yaacov Agam

Revolving Kiddush Cup

Yaacov Agam

Sculpture - 15 x 8 x 8 cm Sculpture - 5.9 x 3.1 x 3.1 inch

$1,776

Sculpture, Venus de La Zuda, Ferran Cartes Yerro

Venus de La Zuda

Ferran Cartes Yerro

Sculpture - 27 x 27 x 6 cm Sculpture - 10.6 x 10.6 x 2.4 inch

$388

Sculpture, Escultura negre curvada, Ferran Cartes Yerro

Escultura negre curvada

Ferran Cartes Yerro

Sculpture - 18 x 23 x 5 cm Sculpture - 7.1 x 9.1 x 2 inch

$388

Sculpture, Fusta negra fina, Ferran Cartes Yerro

Fusta negra fina

Ferran Cartes Yerro

Sculpture - 30 x 17 x 16 cm Sculpture - 11.8 x 6.7 x 6.3 inch

$388

Sculpture, Cub brillant amb fusta, Ferran Cartes Yerro

Cub brillant amb fusta

Ferran Cartes Yerro

Sculpture - 20 x 16 x 14 cm Sculpture - 7.9 x 6.3 x 5.5 inch

$388

Sculpture, Layered Optica 3 (1), Sumit Mehndiratta

Layered Optica 3 (1)

Sumit Mehndiratta

Sculpture - 91 x 91 x 4 cm Sculpture - 35.8 x 35.8 x 1.6 inch

$2,109

Sculpture, Athanor, Philippe Olive

Athanor

Philippe Olive

Sculpture - 45 x 27 x 35 cm Sculpture - 17.7 x 10.6 x 13.8 inch

$1,387

Sculpture, Vertige du temps, Christian Michaud

Vertige du temps

Christian Michaud

Sculpture - 158.8 x 61 x 5.1 cm Sculpture - 62.5 x 24 x 2 inch

$2,750

Sculpture, Teslamobile IIIIII, Vasya Dmytryk

Teslamobile IIIIII

Vasya Dmytryk

Sculpture - 42 x 29 x 16 cm Sculpture - 16.5 x 11.4 x 6.3 inch

$1,210

Sculpture, N°312, Maxime Plancque

N°312

Maxime Plancque

Sculpture - 10 x 42 x 5 cm Sculpture - 3.9 x 16.5 x 2 inch

$1,776

Sculpture, N°314, Maxime Plancque

N°314

Maxime Plancque

Sculpture - 21 x 4 x 4 cm Sculpture - 8.3 x 1.6 x 1.6 inch

$1,554

Sculpture, N°311, Maxime Plancque

N°311

Maxime Plancque

Sculpture - 15 x 34 x 5 cm Sculpture - 5.9 x 13.4 x 2 inch

$1,554

Sculpture, Le bain du crépuscule, Bernard Métranve

Le bain du crépuscule

Bernard Métranve

Sculpture - 65 x 46 x 34 cm Sculpture - 25.6 x 18.1 x 13.4 inch

$13,997

Sculpture, Jeu de plume 13-24, Philippe Buil

Jeu de plume 13-24

Philippe Buil

Sculpture - 32 x 30 x 10 cm Sculpture - 12.6 x 11.8 x 3.9 inch

$666

Sculpture, Blue splash colors, Auguste

Blue splash colors

Auguste

Sculpture - 60 x 60 x 30 cm Sculpture - 23.6 x 23.6 x 11.8 inch

$6,660

Sculpture, Head 3, Martin James

Head 3

Martin James

Sculpture - 50 x 15 x 12 cm Sculpture - 19.7 x 5.9 x 4.7 inch

$777 $622

Sculpture, Escondido debajo de las capas 2, Zoila Andrea Coc-Chang

Escondido debajo de las capas 2

Zoila Andrea Coc-Chang

Sculpture - 152.4 x 109.2 x 0.6 cm Sculpture - 60 x 43 x 0.2 inch

$11,100

Sculpture, Escondido debajo de las capas 1, Zoila Andrea Coc-Chang

Escondido debajo de las capas 1

Zoila Andrea Coc-Chang

Sculpture - 198.1 x 91.4 x 0.6 cm Sculpture - 78 x 36 x 0.2 inch

$11,100

Sculpture, Verax, Bernard Métranve

Verax

Bernard Métranve

Sculpture - 47 x 30 x 26 cm Sculpture - 18.5 x 11.8 x 10.2 inch

$6,991

Sculpture, Totem Squale, Thierry Corpet

Totem Squale

Thierry Corpet

Sculpture - 30 x 57 x 9 cm Sculpture - 11.8 x 22.4 x 3.5 inch

$1,332

Sculpture, Totem Minotaure, Thierry Corpet

Totem Minotaure

Thierry Corpet

Sculpture - 43 x 17 x 10.5 cm Sculpture - 16.9 x 6.7 x 4.1 inch

$1,332

Sculpture, Magmatisme 19, Frédérick Mazoir

Magmatisme 19

Frédérick Mazoir

Sculpture - 29 x 18 x 8 cm Sculpture - 11.4 x 7.1 x 3.1 inch

$1,776

Sculpture, Magmatisme 17, Frédérick Mazoir

Magmatisme 17

Frédérick Mazoir

Sculpture - 16 x 16 x 10 cm Sculpture - 6.3 x 6.3 x 3.9 inch

$1,510

Sculpture, N°338, Maxime Plancque

N°338

Maxime Plancque

Sculpture - 134 x 15 x 15 cm Sculpture - 52.8 x 5.9 x 5.9 inch

$1,554

Sculpture, Circles of Time, Philip Hearsey

Circles of Time

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 33 x 30 x 4 cm Sculpture - 13 x 11.8 x 1.6 inch

$1,930

Sculpture, Autumn leaves, Philip Hearsey

Autumn leaves

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 28 x 28 x 5 cm Sculpture - 11 x 11 x 2 inch

$1,930

Sculpture, That Time Again, Philip Hearsey

That Time Again

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 45 x 21.5 x 8.5 cm Sculpture - 17.7 x 8.5 x 3.3 inch

$1,930

Sculpture, Negre i vermell prim, Ferran Cartes Yerro

Negre i vermell prim

Ferran Cartes Yerro

Sculpture - 41 x 13 x 9 cm Sculpture - 16.1 x 5.1 x 3.5 inch

$416

Sculpture, Initiation, Milko Dobrev

Initiation

Milko Dobrev

Sculpture - 38 x 22 x 8 cm Sculpture - 15 x 8.7 x 3.1 inch

$6,105

Sculpture, Nailed It Series No.162, Sumit Mehndiratta

Nailed It Series No.162

Sumit Mehndiratta

Sculpture - 63.5 x 89 x 4 cm Sculpture - 25 x 35 x 1.6 inch

$1,332

Sculpture, Layered Optics 4, Sumit Mehndiratta

Layered Optics 4

Sumit Mehndiratta

Sculpture - 102 x 102 x 4 cm Sculpture - 40.2 x 40.2 x 1.6 inch

$2,109

Sculpture, Layered Optica 1, Sumit Mehndiratta

Layered Optica 1

Sumit Mehndiratta

Sculpture - 91 x 91 x 4 cm Sculpture - 35.8 x 35.8 x 1.6 inch

$2,109

Sculpture, August I, Philip Hearsey

August I

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 29 x 11 x 19 cm Sculpture - 11.4 x 4.3 x 7.5 inch

$1,512

Sculpture, Fragment II, Philip Hearsey

Fragment II

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 29 x 19 x 15 cm Sculpture - 11.4 x 7.5 x 5.9 inch

$1,737

Sculpture, Shades II, Philip Hearsey

Shades II

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 30 x 11 x 16 cm Sculpture - 11.8 x 4.3 x 6.3 inch

$1,255

Sculpture, Let's Go IV, Philip Hearsey

Let's Go IV

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 42 x 25 x 7.5 cm Sculpture - 16.5 x 9.8 x 3 inch

$1,737

Sculpture, Riverstone II, Philip Hearsey

Riverstone II

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 15 x 16.5 x 15 cm Sculpture - 5.9 x 6.5 x 5.9 inch

$1,737

Sculpture, Trio II, Philip Hearsey

Trio II

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 16.5 x 19 x 19 cm Sculpture - 6.5 x 7.5 x 7.5 inch

$1,255

Sculpture, No Need II, Philip Hearsey

No Need II

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 12 x 38 x 41 cm Sculpture - 4.7 x 15 x 16.1 inch

$1,930

Sculpture, Summer Wind 15, Philip Hearsey

Summer Wind 15

Philip Hearsey

Sculpture - 23 x 31 x 12 cm Sculpture - 9.1 x 12.2 x 4.7 inch

$1,737

Sculpture, Traversée 2 (Bas Relief), Sezny Peron

Traversée 2 (Bas Relief)

Sezny Peron

Sculpture - 45 x 35 x 5 cm Sculpture - 17.7 x 13.8 x 2 inch

$1,665

Sculpture, Silver Orbit, Kuno Vollet

Silver Orbit

Kuno Vollet

Sculpture - 90 x 90 x 40 cm Sculpture - 35.4 x 35.4 x 15.7 inch

$12,765

Sculpture, Kringel Mor / Dichroic, Selçuk Dizlek

Kringel Mor / Dichroic

Selçuk Dizlek

Sculpture - 19 x 18 x 6 cm Sculpture - 7.5 x 7.1 x 2.4 inch

$544

Sculpture, Kringel Neon Pempe / Dichroic, Selçuk Dizlek

Kringel Neon Pempe / Dichroic

Selçuk Dizlek

Sculpture - 20 x 18 x 6 cm Sculpture - 7.9 x 7.1 x 2.4 inch

$544

Sculpture, Kringel Mavi / Neon Turuncu, Selçuk Dizlek

Kringel Mavi / Neon Turuncu

Selçuk Dizlek

Sculpture - 24 x 18 x 6 cm Sculpture - 9.4 x 7.1 x 2.4 inch

$544

Sculpture, Neonroter Kringel II, Selçuk Dizlek

Neonroter Kringel II

Selçuk Dizlek

Sculpture - 14 x 11 x 8 cm Sculpture - 5.5 x 4.3 x 3.1 inch

$444

Abstract Sculpture for Sale

Abstract sculpture is a pure product of the 20th century. It was Auguste Rodin who defined the beginning of modern sculpture and who marked the end of the secular antique inspiration which dominated in sculpture. Rodin's sculptures broke the ancient rules and inspired many sculptors of the 20th century to depart from the traditional conventions. Rodin's sculptures inspired Brancusi and his simple and pure lines, which in turn laid the ground for abstract sculpture. 

The beginning of the 20th century was accompanied by numerous discoveries and in particular mathematical advances that fascinated intellectuals. At the same time, many exiled European artists found refuge in Paris and joined different movements, all in search of a better world. For it was also the wars that encouraged artists to detach themselves from reality. From this desire was born a new language, that of abstraction! Artists no longer express reality through figuration, but through the immaterial, form, color... Cubism initiated this use of geometric form in modern art by approaching the objects of reality as forms that can be represented in different facets to obtain a complete perspective. Thank you Pablo Picasso! Sculpture was no longer dedicated to representing reality as we see it, but the sculpture becomes the object in its own right, extracting the essence. The Cubists also adopted a greater freedom in the choice of less noble materials than before, perhaps out of necessity... The movements that followed, such as Dadaism, Neo-Dadaism, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Minimalism all enriched abstract art. Italian Futurism focused on the representation of movement and saw the appearance of kinetic art where movement is the work of art. 

One artist in particular had a profound impact on abstract sculpture: Alexander Calder. His mobiles are made of thin pieces of metal smoothed and connected by wire. His color palette is inspired by Piet Mondrian, and the artist once said: "I wanted to make Mondrian that move." Jean Tinguely or Nicolas Schöffer will also illustrate themselves in kinetic art and robotics. Then Marcel Duchamp, whose research also revolves around the movement will introduce in the history of art his first 'ready-made' and induce the idea that a work of art can be a manufactured object, it is the artist to assign the status of work of art.

The more abstract sculpture approaches the daily life, the more artists turn to poor materials, objects that they recycle. After the Second World War, sculptors could see things in a big way. Thanks to industrialization in particular, they conceived sculptures of more and more monumental size which resisted bad weather and could thus be installed outside. 

In contemporary sculpture, the environment is therefore more easily taken into account by artists. In the land art for example, Christo and Jeanne Claude create abstract sculptures that are directly integrated into the landscape, the installations of Richard Serra are so monumental that they allows visitors to walk inside, and in minimalism, the sculpture and the material is determined by its environment because it emphasizes the emptiness and the space around it. Among the great contemporary abstract sculptors, we can mention Henry Moore, Niki de Saint Phalle, Barbara Hepworth and Louise Bourgeois. On Artsper, you can find abstract sculptures by famous and emerging artists, such as César, Crixo Aponte, and Yannick Bouillault!

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What is the meaning of abstract sculpture?

Abstract sculpture refers to a type of sculpture that does not accurately depict the physical world, but is rather made up of forms, shapes, colors and other visual elements.  

What is an example of abstract sculpture?

Barbara Hepworth's sculptural works are a famous example of abstract sculpture. These include works such as Two Forms (Divided Circle) and Mother and Child. Hepworth's sculptures are abstract in form while often making reference to the natural world and relationships between natural forms. 

When did abstract sculpture start?

Abstract sculpture in the sense that we refer to it today has its roots in the 20th century, when European artists began creating abstract art. This followed a decline in the popularity of Realism in the art world, as artists sought alternative ways to represent the world around them. The Cubist art movement is credited with producing first abstract sculptures, which experimented with geometrical shapes and abstract forms.